This UPDATE FILE contains items added since March 2007, when we published the supplement to the original bibliography - People Power and Protest Since 1945.

At the moment, this update takes the form of a slightly revised Table of Contents from the original bibliography, with the new items inserted into the relevant sections.

Please send suggestions for additional items to howard [at] civilresistance.info

updates to
People Power and Protest Since 1945:
a Bibliography of Nonviolent Action

• A. Introduction to Nonviolent Action
• B. Elements of Nonviolent Resistance to Colonialism After 1945
• C. Campaigns for Rights and Democracy in Communist Regimes
• D. Resisting Rigged Elections, Oppression, Dictatorship, or Military Rule
• E. Campaigns for Cultural, Civil and Political Rights
• F. Campaigns for Social and Economic Justice
• G. Nonviolent Action in Social Movements
• H. Bibliographies, Websites and Library Resources
• I. Preparation and Training for Nonviolent Action

A. Introduction to Nonviolent Action

1. Nonviolent action: theory, methods and examples
Cortright, David, Gandhi and Beyond: Nonviolence for an Age of Terrorism, Boulder CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2006, pp. 265.
Included in supplement as "scholarly but accessible of Gandhian satyagraha and later campaigns in the USA inspired by Gandhi"

Hastings, Tom H, Lessons of Nonviolence: Theory and Practice in a World of Conflict, Foreword by Kathy Kelly, Jefferson NC, McFarland & Co, pp. 228
Draws mainly on US experience from the decline of the Civil Rights movement onwards

Hastings, Tom H, Nonviolent Responses to Terrorism, Jefferson NC, McFarland & Co, 2004, pp. 244
The first part discusses immediate responses, the second long term

Hastings, Tom H, Power: Nonviolent Transformation from the Transpersonal to the Transnational, Lanham MD, Hamilton, 2005, pp. 274

Holmes, Robert L. and Barry L. Gan (eds), Nonviolence in Theory and Practice, Second Edition, Long Grove IL, Waveland Press, 2005, pp. 381
23 readings added to 1990 edition.

Kolb, Felix, Protest and Opportunities: the Political Outcomes of Social Movements, Frankfurt-Mainz, Campus Verlag, 2007, pp 360
Derives propositions about social movements and political change from detailed analyses of the US civil right movements and the transnational movement against nuclear power.

Kurlansky, Mark, Nonviolence: the history of a dangerous idea, Foreword by the Dalai Lama, London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, pp. 203
a lively introduction to nonviolence designed for the general reader; chapters 10 and 11 focus on examples of nonviolent action

Martin, Brian, Justice Ignited: the dynamics of backfire, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, pp. 236 - extends Gene Sharp's concept of political ju-jitsu by discussing violation of a wider range of norms, and by examining the tactics used by perpetrators of injustice.
Brian Martin's webpage has a section on backfire, including a range of published articles, often written in cooperation with others, and studying episodes of backfire http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/backfire.html

'Symposium on Nonviolence - A Force More Powerful', in PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol 33 No 2, June 2000
Articles include:
Peter Ackerman and Jack Duvall, 'Nonviolent Power in the Twentieth Century';
Doug McAdam and Sidney Tarrow, 'Nonviolence as Contentious Interaction';
Ted Robert Gurr, 'Nonviolence in Ethnopolitics: Strategies for the Attainment of Group Rights and Autonomy';
Gay W. Seidman, 'Blurred Lines: Nonviolence in South Africa';
Allison Calhoun-Brown, 'Upon This Rock: The Black Church, Nonviolence, and the Civil Rights Movement';
Anne N. Costain, 'Women's Movements and Nonviolence'; and
Stephen Zunes, 'Nonviolent Action and Human Rights'
The American Political Science Association has made all these available online at http://www.apsanet.org/section_658.cfm

The article by McAdam and Tarrow is presented as part of their larger project with Charles Tilly, but actually discusses nonviolence more directly than their subsequent book: McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 407

Thalhammer, Kristina E., Kristina E. Thalhammer, Paula L. O'Loughlin, Myron Peretz Glazer, Penina Migdal Glazer, Sam McFarland, Sharon Toffey Shepela, and Nathan Stoltzfus, Courageous Resistance: The Power of Ordinary People, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. 224

2. Gandhi and Gandhian campaigns


3. Nonviolent (civilian) resistance and national defence


4. Nonviolent intervention and accompaniment
See also entries from the seminar Unarmed Resistance: the transnational factor

Boothe, Ivan and Lee A. Smiler, 'Privilege, Empowerment, and Nonviolent Intervention', Peace and Change, Vol 32 No. 1, January 2007, pp. 39-61
Argues that nonviolent interventions need to address the issue that the relative privilege of foreigners intervening can have a disempowering impact on local movements

Eguren, Enrique, Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders, Dublin, Front Line: The International Foundation for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, 2005, pp. 128, downloadable from http://www.protectionline.org (also mentioned in Section I)

Kelly, Kathy, Other lands Have Dreams: From Baghdad to Pekin Prison, Petrolia, CA, Counterpunch, 2006, pp. 173
Kathy Kelly was a participant in the Gulf Peace Team and later co-founded Voices in the Wilderness, breaking sanctions against Iraq.

Kember, Norman, Hostage in Iraq, London, Darton Longman and Todd, 2007, pp. 224
Personal account by member of Christian Peacemaker Team supporter taken hostage in Iraq

Mahony, Liam, Proactive Presence: Field strategies for civilian protection, Geneva,
Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2006, pp. 160, downloadable from http://www.hdcentre.org

Mueller, Barbara, The Balkan Peace Team 1994-2001: Non-violent Intervention in Crisis Areas with the Deployment of Volunteer Teams, Stuttgart, ibidem-Verlag, 2006, pp. 284

Schirch, Lisa, Civilian Peacekeeping: Preventing Violence and Making Space for Democracy, Uppsala, Life and Peace Institute, 2005, pp. 118, downloadable from http://www.life-peace.org

Wallis, Tim and Claudia Samayoa (eds), 'Civilian Peacekeepers: Creating a Safe Environment for Peacebuilding' in van Tongeren, Paul, Malin Brenk, Marte Hellema and Juliette Verhoeven (eds), Peace Building Peace II: Successful Stories of Civil Society, Boulder CO/London, Lynne Rienner, 2005, pp. 363-393, editorial introduction plus four articles on Balkan Peace Team, Peace Brigades International in Colombia, Witness for Peace in Nicaragua, and the Bantay Cease-fire in the Philippines

Wittner, Lawrence S, 'The Forgotten Alliance of African Nationalists and Western Pacifists, George Mason University's History News Network, at http://hnn.us/articles/36279.html
See also Yates and Chester, The Troublemaker below for more detail on Michael Scott's role, and Carter, April, 'The Sahara Protest Team', in either Hare and Blumberg Liberation Without Violence: A third Party Approach, pp. 126-156, or in Moser-Puangsuwan and Weber (eds) Nonviolent Intervention Across Borders: a recurrent vision, pp. 235-254 (both Section A.4 in original bibliography)

Yates, Anne and Lewis Chester, The Troublemaker: Michael Scott and His Lonely Struggle Against Injustice, Foreword by Desmond Tutu, London, Aurum, 2006, pp. 338, listed under Nonviolent intervention as he was co-chair of the World Peace Brigade and had a long history of transnational activism, especially concerning Southern Africa.

Peace Brigades International includes a bibliography on its web page: http://www.peacebrigades.org/1258.html


return to Update table of contents

B. Elements of Nonviolent Resistance to Colonialism After 1945

No additions to original bibliography


Africa
1. Central Africa to 1964
a. Malawi (Nyasaland)
b. Zambia (Northern Rhodesia)

2. Ghana (Gold Coast) to 1957

3. Kenya to 1963

4. Nigeria to 1960


return to Update table of contents

C. Campaigns for Rights and Democracy in Communist Regimes

I. USSR and Central and Eastern Europe to 1991

1. a. Comparative studies of dissent
Flam, Helena, 'Anger in Repressive Regimes: A footnote to Domination and the Arts of Resistance by James Scott', European Journal of Social Theory, Vol 7 No 2, pp. 171-188
Draws on Central European experience in the 1980s to argue that in situations of repression and citizen apathy, protest is likely to begin cautiously, taking ambivalent, satirical and carnivalesque forms

Johnston, Hank and Carol Mueller, 'Unobtrusive Practices of Contention in Leninist Regimes', Sociological Perspectives, Vol 44 No 3, 2001, pp. 351-375
Discusses 'precursors to public protest' that prepared the ground for mobilisation against regimes. Johnston has subsequently published further comparative discussions of this theme drawing on experience in the former Soviet Union, Franco's Spain and Latin America under dictatorship. See Johnston, Hank, 'Talking the Walk: Speech Acts and Resistance in Authoritarian Regimes' pp. 108-137 in Davenport, Christian, Hank Johnston and Carol Mueller, eds, Repression and Mobilization, University of Minnesota, 2005. Also '"Let's Get Small": The Dynamics of (Small) Contention in Repressive States', Mobilization: an International Quarterly, Vol 11 No 2, June 2006, pp. 195 - 212

Tickle, Andrew and Ian Welsh (eds), Environment and Society in Eastern Europe, London, Longman, 1988, pp. 208
'shows how environmental activism maintained an immanent civil society' during Communism - chapters on Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Russia

b. Literature on the revolutions of 1989-90
Oberschall, Anthony, 'Opportunities and framing in the Eastern European revolts of 1989', in McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald (eds),Comparative Perspectives on Social movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 93-121
Emphasises the importance of the nonviolent moral force 'against a fore that held all the cards but one: It had organization, a police and an army, and the mass media, but it lacked moral authority for governance'

Saxonberg, Steven, The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Polands, hdbk Amsterdam, Harwood Academic, 2001, pbk Routledge, 2004, pp. 434
Ch 10 titled 'Nonviolent Revolutions' compares Czechoslovakia and the GDR


2. Baltic States, 1944-91
Ruutel, Arnold, Statement at conference of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation international conference on Nonviolence and Conflict, pp 42-45
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, Nonviolence and Conflict: Conditions for effective peaceful change, The Hague, UNPO, 1997, online at http://www.unpo.org/downloads/nonviolencereport97.pdf


3. Czechoslovakia, 1948-99
a. The Prague Spring and resistance to occupation, 1968-69
b. 'Normalization' to the Velvet Revolution, 1970-89
Saxonberg, Steven, 'The "Velvet Revolution" and the Limits of Rational Choice Models', Czech Sociological Review, VII, 1/1999, pp. 23-36


4. East Germany (GDR), 1945-89
Dale, Gareth, Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945-89, London, Frank Cass, 2004, pp. 256

a. The 1953 uprising
b. The rise of dissent to the fall of the Berlin Wall, 1960s to 1989
Dale, Gareth, The East German Revolution of 1989, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2007, pp. 256
Final part of Dale trilogy (after Popular Protest and Between State Capitalism and Globalisation: the Collapse of the East German Economy, Peter Lang, 2004

Opp, Karl-Dieter, 'Repression and Revolutionary Action: East Germany in 1989', Rationality and Society, Vol 6 No 1, 1994, pp 101-138


5. Hungary, 1947-89
a. Destalinization and revolution, 1953-56
b. Gradual growth of dissent, 1960-89


6. Poland, 1945-89
a. Destalinization and mass resistance, 1953-56
b. Reaction and developing dissent, 1960s and 1970s
c. Solidarity: from opposition to government, 1980-89
Barker, Colin, 'Fear, Laughter, and Collective Power: The Making of Solidarity at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk, Poland, August 1980', in Goodwin, Jeff, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, eds, Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, The University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 175-194

7. Romania, 1945-89


8. Soviet Union, 1945-91
a. Growing dissent, 1965-84
b. The Gorbachev years and popular protest, 1985-90; and resisting the the 1991 coup
Beissinger, Mark R, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 520
The author's databases on "Mass Demonstrations and Mass Violent Events in the Former USSR, 1987-1992" can be downloaded from http://www.princeton.edu/~mbeissin/research.htm They include information on 6,663 protest demonstrations and 2,177 mass violent events across the entire territory of the former Soviet Union from January 1987 through December 1992.

Zdravomyslova, Elena, 'Opportunities and framing in the transition to democracy: The case of Russia' in in McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald (eds),Comparative Perspectives on Social movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 122-137
Discusses 'political cycles', and especially 'protest cycles', from 1955 to 1991, going into detail specifically about the Soviet-wide Democratic Union and the Leningrad People's Front


9. Yugoslavia, 1945-90
a. Two stages of reform: 1950-54 and 1960s; and dissent 1960s-70s
b. Post-Tito politics in the 1980s


II. China and Tibet, from 1947

1. China
a. The Hundred Flowers Movement, 1956-57
b. The Democracy Movement, 1976-79
c. Tiananmen, The mass protests of 1989
Zhao, Dingxin The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2001 (cloth), 2004 (paper), pp. 456

d. China since 1990
Chase, Michael S, and James C. Mulvenon, You've Got Dissent! Chinese Dissident Use of the Internet and Beijing's Counter-Strategies, Santa Monica CA, RAND, 2002, pp. 132

Fayong Shi and Youngshun Cai, 'Disaggregating the State: Networks and Collective Resistance in Shanghai', The China Quarterly, Vol 186, (2006), pp 314-332
Study of Shanghai home owners' resistance that suggests that fragmentation of state power at local level provides opportunities for resistance, and that its success may be helped by social networks between participants of collective action and officials or media workers.

Friedman, Edward, Paul G. Pichowicz and Mark Selden, Revolution, Resistance and Reform in Village China, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2005, pp. 368

Jianrong, Yu, 'Social Conflict in Rural China', China Security, Vol 3 No 2, Spring 2007, pp. 2-17, online at http://www.wsichina.org/cs6_1.pdf

O'Brien, Kevin J. and Lianjiang Li, Rightful Resistance in Rural China, New York and Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 201

Perry, Elizabeth J. and Mark Selden, Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance, London, Routledge, 2nd edition 2003, p. 296
First edition included in printed bibliography, now with additional chapters on Falun Gong, Christianity and land struggles.

Stalley, Phillip and Dongning Yang, 'An Emerging Environmental Movement in China?', The China Quarterly, Vol 186, (2006), pp. 333-356

Tai, Zixue The Internet in China: Cyberspace and Civil Society, London, Routledge, 2006, pp. 365

Yan, Huang and Guo Qeiqing, 'The Transnational Network and Labor Rights in China', China Rights Forum, 2006, No 3, pp. 57-62, available on line a http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.3.2006/CRF-2006-3_Transnational.pdf

2. Tibet

return to Update table of contents


D. Resisting Rigged Elections, Oppression, Dictatorship, or Military Rule

For a discussion of governmental measures against US "democracy promotion" programmes, see Carothers, Thomas, 'The Backlash Against Democracy Promotion', Foreign Affairs, Vol 85 No 2, March/April 2006, pp. 55-68


I. Africa
We are particularly interested to receive references for material on campaigns of civil resistance and episodes of people's power in more African countries.

See Section I: Preparation and Training for Nonviolent Action, for more detail on the series produced by the University of Peace Africa Programme:
King, Mary E. (series editor), Nonviolent Transformation of Conflict - Africa, Addis Abada, University of Peace Africa Programme, downloadable from http://www.africa.upeace.org/resources.cfm

1. South Africa, Resisting apartheid to 1994
a. Internal resistance
Presbey, Gail M. 'Evaluating the Legacy of Nonviolence in South Africa', Peace & Change, Vol 31 No 2, 2006, pp. 141–174
Evaluates claims that 'nonviolence, if adhered to more resolutely, would have ended apartheid sooner', reminding readers of the high level of support for the ANC's armed wing. Suggests that, despite some over-simplications, the claims for nonviolence are perhaps speculative but are also plausible. Calls for an expanded concept of active nonviolence and in the future a broader about strategic options.

South African History Online - rewriting history, critically examining our past, strengthening the teaching of history - has sections on people, places and timelines, plus links to SAHO Special Projects on Passive Resistance, including Passive Resistance 1946: a selection of documents compiled by E.S Reddy and Fatima Meer.

b. External boycotts
c. Resisting South African military policies


2. Zimbabwe, Resisting Mugabe’s autocracy since 2000
International Crisis Group, Zimbabwe: An End to the Stalemate?, Pretoria/Brussels, Africa Report No 122, March 2007, pp. 23, downloadable from http://www.crisisgroup.org
Follows up Zimbabwe: An Opposition Strategy, Africa Report No 117, August 2006, which calls on the democratic opposition to formulate a strategy of nonviolent resistance

United States Institute of Peace, Zimbabwe and the Prospects for Nonviolent Political Change, Special Report No 109, August 2003, pp. 16, downloadable from http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr109.html

Wokoma, Iyenemi, 'Zimbabwe: Women of Zimbabwe Arise WOZA' in George-Williams (ed) ‘Bite Not One Another’: Selected Accounts of Nonviolent Struggle in Africa, Addis Abada, University of Peace Africa Programme, 2006, pp. 95-98, book online at http://www.africa.upeace.org/documents

3. Other
Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa, Regime Transition in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 333
Chapter 3, ' Africa's divergent Transitions 1990-94' is a comparison of the different phases and paths of transition in various countries

Clark, John F. and David E. Gardinier, Political reform in Francophone Africa, Boulder CO, Westview Press, 1997, pp. 354
Part Two. (pp 43-126) has chapters dedicated to 'peaceful regime change' in Benin, Congo, Niger and the Central African Republic

George-Williams, Desmond, 'Noncooperation and Junta Rule in Sierra Leone 1997' in George-Williams (ed), ‘Bite Not One Another’: Selected Accounts of Nonviolent Struggle in Africa, Addis Abada, University of Peace Africa Programme, 2006, pp. 61-67, book online at http://www.africa.upeace.org/documents, and also 'Madagascar: the Soft Revolution', pp. 75-79

II. Asia
Boudreau, Vincent Resisting Dictatorship Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 306
Highly regarded study based on first-hand research compares strategies of repression and protest in post-war Burma, Indonesia and the Philippines.


1. Burma, Resisting military dictatorship 1988, and ongoing protest
Andrieux, Aurelie, Diana Sarosi and Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan, Speaking Truth to Power: The Methods of Nonviolent Struggle in Burma, Bangkok, Nonviolent International Southeast Asia, 2005, pp. 76, downloadable from http://www.nonviolenceinternational.net

The Burma Campaign UK, Pro-Aid, Pro-Sanctions-Pro-Engagement, London, July 2006, pp. 17
Position paper on humanitarian assistance to Burma, downloadable from http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/pm/reports.php

International Crisis Group, Myanmar: New Threats to Humanitarian Aid, Yangon/Brussels, Asia Briefing No 58, December 2006, pp. 17, downloadable from http://www.crisisgroup.org
Discusses the restricted space for humanitarian agencies under pressure from the military regime and the complications of applying the norms proposed by pro-democracy groups

Wintle, Justin, Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi, London, Hutchinson (Random House), 2007, pp. 480


2. East Timor
Mason, Christine, 'Women, Violence and Nonviolent Resistance in East Timor', Journal of Peace Research, vo 42, no 46, 2005, pp. 737-749

Stephan, Maria J, 'Fighting for Statehood: the role of civilian-based resistance in the East Timorese, Palestinian and Kosovo Albanian self-determination movements', Fletcher Forum of World Affairs (Tufts University), vol 30:2, summer 2006, pp. 57-79, downloadable from http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org


3. Korea (South), Demanding democracy, 1979-80 and 1986-87


4. Pakistan, Resisting military rule, 1968 and 1980s


5. Nepal, 1990 and 2006
Routledge, Paul, 'A spatiality of resistances: theory and practice in Nepal's revolution in 1990', in S. Pile and M. Keith (eds.), Geographies of Resistance, London, Routledge, 1997

Vanaik, Achin, 'The New Himalayan Republic', New Left Review, No. 49, Jan/Feb 2008, pp. 47-72.
Analyses the 'Second Democratic Revolution' of April 2006, which led to the end of the Nepali Monarchy in December 2007, and discusses the historical background to the Revoloution, with a particular focus on the role of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).


6. Philippines
a. Resisting Marcos, 1983-86
b. Challenging Estrada, 2001, and later mass demonstrations
Tilly, Charles, Social movements, 1768-2004, Boulder CO, Paradigm Publishers, 2004, pp. 204.
Chapter 5, pp. 95-122, 'Social Movements enter the Twenty-First Century', takes as its starting point the January 2001 text-message in Manila, 'Go EDSA, Wear blck' and goes on to discuss the relationship between social movements and communications technology with further details on unrest in Manila


7. Taiwan, 1970s and 1980s


8. Thailand
a. Demanding democracy 1973 and 1992
b. 2005 and 2006

III. Europe


1. Former Yugoslavia after 1990
a. Serbia, Resisting Milosevic 1996-2000
Collin, Matthew, This is Serbia Calling: Rock 'n' Roll Radio and Belgrade's Underground Resistance, 2nd edition, London, Five Star, 2004, pp. 282
Updated story of Radio B92 to 2004

Collin Matthew, The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions, London, Serpent's Tail, 2007, pp. 224

Jovanovic, Milja, 'Rage Against the Regime: the Otpor Movement in Serbia', in van Tongeren, Paul, Malin Brenk, Marte Hellema and Juliette Verhoeven (eds), Peace Building Peace II: Successful Stories of Civil Society, Boulder CO/London, Lynne Rienner, 2005, pp. 545-551

Smiljanic, Zorana, Plan B: Using Secondary Protests to Undermine Repression, Minneapolis, New Tactics in Human Rights/Centre for Victims of Torture, 2003, pp. 23, online at http://www.newtactics.org/sites/newtactics.org/files/resources/Smiljanic_PlanB_update2007.pdf
Specifically on Otpor's demonstrations at police stations to mark the arrest of activists.

b. Kosovo, Resisting Serbian oppression 1988-98
Kostovicova, Denisa, Kosovo: the politics of identity and space, London and New York, Rouledge, 2005, pp. 322.
Particular emphasis on education and on ethnic segregation

See Stephan, Maria J, 'Fighting for Statehood' in Section D. II. 2.


2. Greece, Resisting the Colonels, 1967-74


3. Spain, Resisting Franco up to 1975
Johnston, Hank, Tales of Nationalism: Catalonia, 1939-1979, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1991, pp. 261
A study much-cited in the social movement literature on 'framing', Johnston analyses the contribution of resistant sub-cultures under Francoism to the eventual resurgence of Catalan opposition.


4. Post-Soviet Regimes

Beissinger, Mark R, 'Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions', Perspectives on Politics, Vol 5 No 2, June 2007, pp 259-276

Collin Matthew, The Time of the Rebels: Youth Resistance Movements and 21st Century Revolutions, London, Serpent's Tail, 2007, pp. 224
Interviews activists from Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Belarus as well as Serbia

Forbing, Joerg and Pavol Demes (eds), Reclaiming Democracy: Civil Society and Electoral Change in Central and Eastern Europe, Washington, German Marshall Fund of USA, 2007, pp 254. First section includes contributions from Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Georgia and the Ukraine. Second section is comparative discussion on range of issues by authors including Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik, Taras Kuzio and Vitali Siliski. Online at http://www.erstestiftung.org/content/assets/ReclaimingDemocracy_web5.pdf

Kalandadze, Katya and Mitchell Orenstein, 'Electoral Protests and Democratization: Beyond the Color Revolutions', Syracuse, NY, Sawyer Law and Politics Program, 2007, pp. 31 online at http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/campbell/programs/sawyer/papers/SLAPP%2006-07/Kalandadze.pdf

Tucker, Joshua A, 'Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and the Second Wave of Post-Communist Democratic Revolutions', Perspectives on Politics, September 2007, Vol 5 No 3, pp. 537-553. Downloadable from http://homepages.nyu.edu/~jat7/POP_5_3_Tucker.pdf

Tudoriou, Theodor, 'Rose, Orange and Tulip: the failed post-Soviet revolutions', Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40 (2007), pp 315-342

a. Azerbaijan
b. Belarus
c. Georgia, Challenging ‘rigged’ elections 2003

Welt, Cory, Regime Vulnerability and Popular Mobilization in Georgia's Rose Revolution, Centre on Democracy, Development and The rule of Law (Stanford University) Working Paper No 67, September 2006, pp.60, downloadable from http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/061005_ruseura_no67welt.pdf
Includes discussion of US involvement and assesses the "Serbian factor" in diffusing strategic ideas.

d. Kyrgyzstan
e. Ukraine, People power and elections, 2004-2005
Kempe, Iris and Iryna Solonenko, 'International Orientation and Foreign Support', pp. 109-148 in Kurth, Helmut and Iris Kempe (eds), Presidential Election and Orange Revolution: Implications for Ukraine's Transition, Kyiv, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2005, pp. 152 online at http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ukraine/02938.pdf

Special issue of The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol 23 No 1, March 2007, on ‘Kuchmagate Crisis to Orange Revolution: Civil society, Elections and Democratisation in Ukraine’, edited by Taras Kuzio, with eight contributions analysing various aspects of Ukraine society from schools to rock 'n' roll, from politics to gender. Available as zipped pdf files from http://www.taraskuzio.net/journals/2007-march.zip

Special issue of National Security and Defence, Kyiv, Razumkov Centre, No 5 (53), 2004, on 'External Factors in Presidential Elections', especially 'Actors, Goals and Mechanisms of External Influence', pp. 14-32, online at http://www.uceps.org/additional/NSD53_eng.pdf

IV. Latin America
The introduction to this section in the printed bibliography includes a few references to Colombia, Guatemala and Venezuela. Here the numbering has been altered to include these countries in the hope of attracting more suggestions.
For references to land occupations, go to section F.1


1. Argentina, Resisting the military dictatorship, 1977-81
Bosco, Fernando, 'The Madres de Plaza de Mayo and Three Decades of Human Rights Activism: Embeddedness, Emotions and Social Movements, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol 96 No 2, 2006, pp. 342-365


2. Bolivia, Resisting repression, 1964-82


3. Brazil, Resisting military rule, 1964-85


4. Chile
a. The right mobilizes against Salvador Allende, 1972-73
b. Resisting the Pinochet dictatorship, 1973-90


5. Colombia
Bouvier, Virginia M, Harbingers of Hope: Peace initiatives in Colombia, Washington, US Institute of Peace Special Report 169, august 2006, pp. 20, online at http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr169.pdf

Rojas, Catalina, 'The People's Peace Processes: Local Resistance Processes and the Development of "Zones of Peace" in Colombia', Reflexión Política, vol 006 no 011 (junio 2004), pp. 70-87, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia


6. Guatemala
Brockett, Charles D, Political Movements and Violence in Central America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 404
Analyzes the confrontation between popular movements - urban and rural - and repressive regimes, especially in El Salvador and Guatemala, in particular discussing the 'repression-protest paradox'


7. Mexico 2006
Crotte, Salvador F, 'The Resistance', translated from Gatopardo, no 72, September 2006, in Mirada Global, http://www.miradaglobal.com

Ross, John, 'Mexican Civil Resistance in Five Acts', Counterpunch, 2 August 2006, at http://www.counterpunch.org/ross08012006.html


8. Panama, Resisting Noriega 1987-89


9. Uruguay, Resisting military rule 1973-84


10. Venezuela 2002
Cannon, Barry, 'Coup or popular rebellion? The myth of a united Venezuela', Bulletin of Latin American Research, vol 23 no.3 (July 2004), pp. 285-302

El Libertario, 'the journal of autonomous social movements' in Venezuela, offers English-language commentary on its web page http://www.nodo50.org/ellibertario/english.html, including some commenting on the 2002 coup and anti-coup - such as Rafael Uzcategui's 'Venezuela today: complexities and outright lies'

V. Middle East

1. Iran, Overthrowing the Shah 1979-1980


2. Palestine
a. Palestinian resistance after 1967 and the First Intifada, 1987-1992
Alimi, Eitan Y, 'Constructing Political Opportunity': 1987 - The Palestinian Year of Discontent', Mobilization: an International Quarterly, Vol 11 No 1, Feb 2006, pp. 67-80
An analysis of Palestinian print media in 1987 illustrates a convergence in calls for action

Barghouti, Riham and Helen Murray, 'The Struggle for Academic Freedom in Palestine', paper to conference 'Problems and Challenges in Arab Countries', Alexandria, Egypt, September 2005, pp. 13, online at http://right2edu.birzeit.edu/downloads/pdfs/AcademicFreedomPaper.pdf
Begins with first intifada and concludes with the current Academic Boycott campaign.

King, Mary Elizabeth, A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and a Strategy for Non-violent Resistance, New York, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2007, pp. 304
Argues that the First Intifada represented a mass nonviolent moblization in which women played a significant role, and looks at the wider history of nonviolent resistance, for example in the US Civil Rights movement and in Czechoslovakia 1989 and Serbia 1996-2000, to suggest that nonviolent strategies are the way to achieve a just peace with Israel.

See Stephan, Maria J, 'Fighting for Statehood' in Section D. II. 2.

b. Israeli opposition to Israel’s occupation
Kaufman, Edy, Walid Salem and Juliette Verhoeven (eds.), Bridging the Divide: Peacebuilding in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Boulder and London, Lynne Rienner, 2006, pp. 320, includes a chapter by Mohammed Abu Nimer, 'Nonviolent Action in Israel and Palestine: a growing force' (pp. 135-171) and others on the role of civil society and NGOs in both Israel and Palestine. Plus profiles of a range of Israeli and Palestinian organisations


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E. Campaigns for Cultural, Civil and Political Rights

I. Nationalist Rights or Self Determination
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, Nonviolence and Conflict: Conditions for effective peaceful change, The Hague, UNPO, 1997, online at http://www.unpo.org/downloads/nonviolencereport97.pdf
Proceedings of July 1997 international conference in Tallinn, Estonia, on the use of nonviolent action by a range of movements for self-determination.

1. Welsh Nationalism and nonviolent action


2. Western Sahara
Stephan, Maria J. and Jacob Mundy, 'A battlefield transformed: From guerrilla resistance to mass nonviolent struggle in the Western Sahara', Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, vol. 8. no. 3 (Spring 2006), 32pp, downloadable from http://www.nonviolent-conflict.org

II. Campaigns for Civil Rights


1. The Civil Rights Movement and Black Power in the USA, 1955-68
Calhoun-Brown, Allison, 'Upon This Rock: The Black Church, Nonviolence and the Civil Rights Movement', PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol 33 No 2, June 2000, pp 169-174

Hall, Simon, Peace and Freedom: the Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004 hardback, 2006 paperback, pp. 280.
Hall's other writings on the civil rights movement include 'Marching on Washington: the Civil Rights and Anti-War Movements of the 1960s', in Matthias Reiss (ed.) The Street as Stage: Protest Marches and Public Rallies since the Nineteenth Century Oxford University Press, 2007, Ch 12. The extensive bibliography for Hall's course on the civil rights movement is on the University of Leeds website

McAdam, Doug, Freedom Summer, New York, Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 368
One of the leading theorists of 'contentious politics', McAdam has written widely on the civil rights movement - including Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 University of Chicago Press, 1982, 2nd edn 1999, pp. 346) and essays such as 'The framing function of movement tactics: Strategic dramaturgy in the American civil rights movement', in McAdam, Doug, John D. Mcarthy and Mayer N. Zald (eds), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 338-357

Williams, Juan, My Soul Looks Back in Wonder: Voices of the Civil Rights Experience, New York, Sterling, 2004, pp. 240
Part of the ambitious Voices of Civil Rights project, the book offers more than 30 personal narratives from the civil rights movement out of the thousands collected. The Voices of Civil Rights web page http://www.voicesofcivilrights.org also lists a number of other collections of oral history archives on the civil rights movement - most are available online

See also Kolb, Felix, Protest and Opportunities: The Political Outcomes of Social Movements, Frankfurt-Mainz, Campus Verlag, 2007, pp 360, chapters 5-9

A select bibliography on Martin Luther King, the US civil rights movement and nonviolence is online at http://www.thekingcenter.org/mlk/info.html

2. Northern Ireland
The CAIN web page (Conflict Archive on the Internet) contains a host of documents on Northern Ireland politics since 1968 http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/index.html
a. The Civil Rights Movement 1967-72
b. The Protestant workers’ strike 1974
c. The Peace People, nonviolent intervention to halt violence 1976-1979

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F. Campaigns for Social and Economic Justice

1. Demands for land reform and land occupations
Carter, Miguel, The Origins of Brazil's Landless Workers' Movement MST: the Natalino Episode in Rio Grande do Sul (1981-84) - a case of ideal interest mobilization, University of Oxford Centre for Brazil Studies Working Paper Series CBS-43-2003, 2003, pp. 71 online at http://www.brazil.ox.ac.uk/carter43.pdf

Chabot, Sean and Stellan Vinthagen, 'Rethinking Nonviolent Action and Contentious Politics: Political Cultures of Nonviolent Opposition in the Indian Independence Movement and Brazil’s Landless Workers Movement', Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, Vol. 27, 2007, pp. 91-121

Rosset, Peter M., Raj Patel and Michael Courville (eds), Promised Land: Competing Visions of Agrarian Reform, Oakland, CA, Food First, 2006, pp. 380. Online at http://www.foodfirst.org/promisedland
Includes chapters on Brazil (three, including ch 14 - Monica Dias Martins, "Learning to Participate: the MST experience in Brazil"), Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, India, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, and Zimbabwe (which refrains from discussing the human rights issues involved in the post-1996 land occupations), plus the gender dimension and issues affecting indigenous people Not all chapters discuss the work of social movements.

Salete Caldart, Roseli (translated by Thomas L. Burns), Movement of the Landless Rural Workers (MST): Pedagogical Lessons, November 2002, online at http://www.landless-voices.org/vieira, a website which is part of the University of Nottingham Landless Voices multimedia project on landless culture and activism, and which includes a section on the 'emerging culture of the MST' as well as a section of essays on the MST and statements by leading figures

Welch, Cliff, 'Movement Histories: A Preliminary Historiography of the Brazil's Landless Laborers' Movement (MST)', Latin American Research Review,Vol 41, No 1, 2006, pp. 198-210

Wright, Angus Lindsay and Wendy Wolford, To Inherit the Earth: the Landless Movement and the Struggle for a New Brazil, Oakland, CA, Food First, 2003, pp. 368

See Corr, Anders No Trespassing, F5 below


2. Protests by the unemployed
a. Dolci and the reverse strike


3. Factory occupations
a. Britain and Europe


4. Significant strikes
a. California grape pickers’ strike, 1965-1970
Casey, Conor, 'Cultivating Creativity: The Arts and the Farm Workers' Movement During the 1960s and '70s - Symbolism and History of the Movement', at http://www.library.sfsu.edu/exhibits/cultivating/history.html provides a framework for a range of online materials drawn from the movement, and a bibliography

Dalton, Frederick John, The Moral Vision of Cesar Chavez, Maryknoll NY, Orbis, 2003, pp 200

Ferris, Susan and Ricardo Sandoval, The fight for the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1998, pp. 333

Living Voices, La Causa: Teacher's Guide, Seattle WA, Living Voices, no date, pp. 16 downloadable from http://www.livingvoices.org/teachguide/lcguide.pdf

Rosales, Francisco Arturo, Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, Houston TX, Arte Publico, 1997, pp. 304

A select bibliography on Cesar Chavez can be found at http://www.colapublib.org/chavez/bibliography.htm

b. The British miners’ strike, 1984-1985


5. Campaigns by homeless (squatting)
Corr, Anders, No Trespassing: Squatting, Rent Strikes and Land Struggles Worldwide, Cambridge MA, South End Press, 1999, pp 256
Wide-ranging book covering Homes Not Jails (USA) and other western squatting movements, movements of homeless and landless in Latin America (especially Brazil and Honduras) and Asia, and rent strikes in Africa.

Ward, Colin, Cotters and Squatters: The hidden history of housing, Nottingham, Five Leaves Publications, 2002, pp. 196
A social history that comes to the end of the 20th century, primarily discusses British experience but has references to many other countries.


6. Protests against unjust taxes and rents
a. Taxes
i. Poll tax protests, Britain, 1989-90
ii. Fuel tax protests, 2000
b. Rent Strikes

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G. Nonviolent Action in Social Movements

a. National/area studies
Doherty, Brian, with Matthew Paterson, Alexandra Plows and Derek Wall, 'The Brian Doherty Working Papers Series' on 'Explaining the Fuel Protests', 'Capacity Building in the British Direct Action Environmental Movement', 'Covert Repertoires: Ecotage in the UK', 'Comparing Radical Environmentalism in Manchester, Oxford and North Wales', 'Reaching Out: Direct Action Community Politics in Manchester in the 1970s', 'Studying Local Activist Communities Over Time: Direct Action in Manchester, Oxford and North Wales 1970-2001', Keele University School of Politics, International Relations and Philosophy, online at http://www.keele.ac.uk/depts/spire/Working_Papers/Brian_Doherty_working_papers/Brian_Doherty_working_papers.htm

b. Transnational issues and campaigns


1. The New Left and student movements, 1960s
a. General and comparative
b. Britain
c. France, May Events of 1968
d. Germany (West)
e. USA


2. Resistance to the Vietnam War, 1961-73
a. General
b. Australia
c. South Vietnam (Buddhists)
d. USA
Hall, Simon, Peace and Freedom: the Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004 hardback, 2006 paperback, pp. 280.

3. Peace movements since 1945
a. General: national and transnational movements
Cortright, David, Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas, Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 376.
Chapters 7 and 8 cover anti-nuclear weapon campaigns during the Cold War, opposition to the Vietnam and Iraq Wars, resistance in military and also draft resistance/cosncientious objection.

Mollin, Marian, Radical Pacifism in Modern America: Egalitarianism and Protest, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006, pp. 255
Argues that 'radical pacifists repeatedly fell into patterns of action and evaluation that had more in common with the dominant culture they opposed than with the egalitarian alternatives they sought to create'

Nehring, Holger, 'Demonstrating for "Peace" in the Cold War: The British and West German Easter Marches, 1958-1964', in Matthias Reiss (ed.) The Street as Stage: Protest Marches and Public Rallies since the Nineteenth Century Oxford University Press, 2007, Ch 15. Related articles have been published in Contemporary European History, 2004, vol 14 no 4, pp. 559-582, Contemporary British History, 2005, vol 19, no 2, pp. 223-241 and Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History, 2005, vol 2 no 2, pp. 180-202

b. Pacifist protest, conscientious objection and draft resistance
i. Pacifist and nonviolent thought
ii. Conscientious resistance and legal frameworks
Ajangiz, Rafa, 'Empowerment for demilitarisation: civil disobedience gets rid of conscription in Spain, 1985-2000', at http://www.wri-irg.org/archive/nvse2001/nvse/nvsecase-en.htm

Ajangiz, Rafa, 'The European Farewell to Conscription', in Mjoset, Lars, and Stephen Van Holde, eds, The Comparative Study of Conscription the Armed Forces, Oxford, JAI/Elseveir, Comparative Social Research series Vol 20, 2002, pp. 307-333, discusses the relative impact of 'reasons of state' and 'social mobilisation' (against conscription) as factors leading to the abandonment of conscription.

Casquette, Jesús, ''The Sociopolitical Context of Mobilization: The Case of the Anti-Military Movement in the Basque Country', Mobilization: an International Quarterly, Vol 1 No 2, Sept 1996, pp. 203-212

Lainer-Vos, Dan, 'Social Movements and Citizenship: Conscientious Objection in France, the United States, and Israel', Mobilization: an International Quarterly, Vol 11 No 3, Oct 2006, pp. 277 - 295
Compares movements of objection to the French war in Algeria, the US war in Vietnam, and Israel's invasion of the Lebanon

Speck, Andreas, 'Refusal in the international war resistance movement: An outline of contemporary refusal and refusal movements in various political circumstances throughout the world', http://www.wri-irg.org/co/refusal-context.htm

c. Opposition to nuclear weapons since the 1950s
i. Theoretical debates about nuclear weapons
ii. Comparative and general studies
iii. Studies of particular countries, campaigns or actions
'Protests Stop Devastating Nuclear Tests: the Nevada-Semipalatinsk Anti-Nuclear Movement in Kazakhstan', in van Tongeren, Paul, Malin Brenk, Marte Hellema and Juliette Verhoeven (eds), Peace Building Peace II: Successful Stories of Civil Society, Boulder CO/London, Lynne Rienner, 2005, pp. 552-557

d. Campaigns against other (non-nuclear) weapons
Cameron, Maxwell A, Robert J. Lawson and Brian W. Tomlin (eds), To Walk without Fear: The Global Movement to Ban Landmines, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 512

e. Campaigns against specific wars or acts of aggression (excluding Vietnam)
Lainer-Vos, Dan, 'Social Movements and Citizenship: Conscientious Objection in France, the United States, and Israel', Mobilization: An International Quarterly, Vol 11 No 3, 2006, pp. 357-375
Traces movements of conscientious objection in France during the Algerian war, the US during the Vietnam war and Israel after the invasion of Lebanon.

'Leaving Lebanon: Four Mothers Movement in Israel' in van Tongeren, Paul, Malin Brenk, Marte Hellema, and Juliette Verhoeven, People Building Peace II: Successful Stories of Civil Society, Boulder CO/London, Lynne Rienner, 2005, pp.141-146

f. Protests against militarism

4. Feminist Protest since the 1960s
a. Protest for Women’s Rights
b. Women’s strikes
c. Feminist direct action for peace
Cockburn, Cynthia, From where we stand: war, women's activism and feminist analysis, London, Zed, 2007, pp. 286
Prominent activist and analyst in the global Women in Black network discusses women's anti-militarism in situations such as former-Yugoslavia, Israel/Palestine, Colombia, Sierra Leone and India

Giles, Wenona, Malathi de Alwis, Edith Klein and Neluka Silva (co-eds.), Feminists Under Fire: Exchanges Across War Zones, Toronto, Between the Lines, 2003, pp. 238
Examines role of women's organizations in the civil wars in the former Yugoslavia and in Sri Lanka.

Hanmer, Jalna, 'Nuclear Issues: Gendered Protest and Resistance', paper to Gender and Power in the New Europe, Fifth European Feminist Research Conference, Lund, 2003, pp. 13, online at http://www.5thfeminist.lu.se/filer/paper_398.pdf

Korac, Maja, Linking arms: Women and War in Post-Yugoslav States, Uppsala, Life and Peace Institute, 1998, pp. 90


5. Green Campaigns since the 1970s
a. General studies and transnational protest
Carmin, JoAnn and Deborah B. Balser, 'Selecting repertoires of Action in Environment Movements: an interpretive approach', Organization & Environment, Vol 15, No 4, 2002, pp365-388
Centres on a comparison of North American Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace

b. Country studies
Rucht, Dieter, 'The Profile of Recent Environmental Protest in Germany', paper presented to the workshop on 'Environmental Protest in Comparative Perspective' at the 27th Joint Sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research Workshop in Mannheim, March 1999, pp. 22, pdf file available at http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/mannheim/w21/rucht.pdf

c. Campaigns against nuclear power
Opp, Karl-Dieter, Wolfgang Roehl, 'Repression, Micromobilization, and Political Protest', Social Forces, Vol 69 No 2, Dec 1990, pp. 521-547. Also available in McAdam, Doug and and David A. Snow, ed, Social Movements: Readings on Their Emergence, Mobilization and Dynamics, Los Angeles, Roxbury Press, 1997.
Uses experience of West German anti-nuclear energy movement to discuss issue of impact of repression on protest.

Welsh, Ian, 'Anti-nuclear movement: Failed Projects or Heralds of a Direct Action Milieu', Sociological
Research Online, 2001, 6/3, www.socresonline.org.uk, revised version of Cardiff University School of Sciences Working Paper 11, 2001, pp. 35, online at http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/socsi/resources/wrkgpaper11.pdf
Discusses impact of Torness Alliance on subsequent British direct action networks

Welsh, Ian, Mobilising modernity: the nuclear moment, London, Routledge, 2000, pp. 256
Especially Ch 6 'The moment of direct action' and Ch 7 'Networking: direct action and collective refusal'

See also Kolb, Felix, Protest and Opportunities: The Political Outcomes of Social movements, Frankfurt-Mainz, Campus Verlag, 2007, pp 360, chapters 10-13

d. Campaigns against deforestation
Walter, Emily, 'From Disobedience to Obedient Consumerism? Influences of Market-based Activism and Eco-Certification on Forest Governance', Osgoode Hall Law Journal (York University, Toronto), Vol 41 Nos 2 & 3, 2003, pp. 531-536, online at http://www.ohlj.ca/archive/articles/41_23_walter.pdf
Reports on the anti-logging campaigns in British Columbia, Canada in the 1980s and 1990s and discusses their shift from pressuring the state to directly confronting lumber corporations. Critiques the approach leading to the establishment of a global regulatory institution, the Forestry Security Council, that offers the 'carrot' of 'certification' in combination with the campaigners' 'stick' of boycott.

e. Campaigns against dams
Khagram, Sanjeev, 'Restructuring the Global Politics of Development: The Case of India's Narmada Valley Dams', and Kothari, Smitu, 'Globalization, Global Alliances, and the Narmada Movement', in Khagram Sanjeev, James V. Riker and Kathryn Sikkink (eds.), Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms, Minneapolis, Univ of Minnesota Press, 2002, Khagram pp. 206-230, Kothari pp. 231-244

Khagram, Sanjeev, Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power, Ithaca NY, Cornell University Press, 2004, pp. 288

Routledge, Paul, 'Voices of the dammed: Discourse resistance amidst erasure in the Narmada Valley, India', Political Geography, vol. 22 no. 3 (2003), pp. 243-70

Roy, Arundhati, The Greater Common Good, Bombay, IndiaBook, 1999, pp. 76
Comments by well known novelist and prominent Narmada dam activist on the struggle against the Sardar Sarvar Dam and wider implications of government policy on building dams as strategy for providing water.

f. Campaigns against mining and pollution
See new entries below under G.7.c.i.

g. Campaigns against roads, airports, redevelopment etc.
Lee, Martha F, Earth First! Environmental apocalypse, Syracuse NY, Syracuse University Press, 1995, pp. 221

Zakin, Susan, Coyotes and town dogs: Earth First! and the environmental movement, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 2002, pp. 483

6. Campaigns for Indigenous Rights since the 1960s
a. Australia
b. Canada
c. New Zealand
d. USA


7. Global Justice Movement against Global Neoliberalism and Multinational Corporations
a. General
Conway, Janet, 'Civil Resistance and the "Diversity of Tactics" in the anti-globalization movement: problems of violence, silence and solidarity in activist politics', Osgoode Hall Law Journal (York University, Toronto), Vol 41 Nos 2 & 3, 2003, pp. 505-529, online at http://www.ohlj.ca/archive/articles/41_23_conway.pdf

Eschle, Catherine, and Bice Maiguashca (eds), Critical Theories, International Relations and the 'Anti-Globalisation Movement': the Politics of Global Resistance, Routledge, 2005, pp. 264.
Eschle and Maiguashca outline their work in progress on "Making Feminist Sense of the 'Anti-Globalisation Movement'" in Ephemera 2005

Essays in Philosophy: a biannual journal, Vol 8 No 2, June 2007, publishes three essays discussing civil disobedience in the anti-globalization movement:
Schroeder, Stephen, 'All Things New: On Civil Disobedience Now', at http://www.humboldt.edu/~essays/schroeder.html
Bentouhami, Hourya, 'Civil disobedience from Thoreau to Transnational Mobilizations: the Global Challenge', at http://www.humboldt.edu/~essays/bentouhami.html
Mararo, Piero,'Violent Civil Disobedience and Willingness to Accept Punishment' at http://www.humboldt.edu/~essays/mararo.html

Fraser, Nancy, 'Abnormal Justice', Critical Inquiry (forthcoming), pp. 49, 'roughcut' at http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/issues/Fraser.pdf
Discusses lack of shared assumptions about global justice in different cultures

Friedman, Monroe, Consumer Boycotts: Effecting Change through the Marketplace and the Media, London, Routledge, pp.284
US study considering boycotts by African-Americans, other minorities, religious groups, and for ecological and consumer motives.

Khagram, Sanjeev, James V. Riker and Kathryn Sikkink (eds.), Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks and Norms, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2002, pp. 366

Stolle, Dietlind, March Hooghe and Michele Micheletti, 'Politics in the Supermarket: Political Consumerism as a Form of Political Participation', International Political Science Review, 2005, Vol 26 No 3, pp. 245-269

Tarrow, Sidney, The New Transnational Activism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 258

Welsh, Ian and Graeme Chesters, Complexity and Social Movements: Protest at the Edge of Chaos, London, Routledge, 2006, pp. 256
analyses the 'turbulence' challenging neo-liberal globalization

Mobilization: an International Quarterly, Vol 9 No 3, Oct 2004, is a special issue on Latin America: Democracy, Globalization, and Protest Culture

b. Resistance to international economic organizations
i. Opposing global summits
della Porta, Donatella, Massimiliano Andretta, Lorenzo Mosca and Herbert Reiter, Globalization from Below: Transnational Activists and Protest Networks, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2006, pp. 336 pages
An in-depth look at the Genoa G8 summit in 2001 and the European Social Forum, from the protesters’ point of view based on survey of 800 activists at the Genoa protests and 2,400 participants in the Florence European Social Forum (2002)

Donson, Fiona, Graeme Chesters, Ian Welsh and Andrew Tickle, 'Rebels with a Cause, Folk Devils without a Panic: press jingoism, policing tactics and anti-capitalist protest in London and Prague', Internet Journal of Criminology, 2004, pp. 34, online at http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com

ii. Opposing IMF policies and privatization (Argentine, Bolivia, Ecuador and South Africa)
iii. Opposing the World Bank

c. Resistance to multinational corporations
i. Logging, mining, etc.
Moody, Roger, Rocks and Hard Places: The Globalization of Mining, London, Zed, 2007, pp. 213
A detailed analysis by a committed campaigner. Chapter 8, 'No Means No' discusses strategy against mining, calling for more emphasis on nonviolent direct action and greater scepticism about systems of 'certification'.

Moody, Roger (ed), The Risks We Run: Mining, Communities and Political Risk Insurance, Utrecht, International Books, 2005, pp.342
Part 1 Investigates the shadowy world of international mining finance, while Part 2 has case study chapters on mining projects and local opposition in West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Guyana, Kyrgyzstan, Tanzania and Peru.

Padel, Felix and Samarendra Das, 'Antropology of a Genocide: Tribal Movements in Central India Against Over-Industrialisation', paper presented in July 2006 to the South Asia Anthropologists Group at Goldsmiths College, London, available online at http://www.freewebs.com/epgorissa/FelixPadel-SamarendraDas.pdf
Especially on the indigenous campaign against bauxite mining in Orissa

ii. Oil companies
George-Williams, Desmond, 'The Ogoni Struggle' in George-Williams, Desmond (ed), ‘Bite Not One Another’: Selected Accounts of Nonviolent Struggle in Africa, Addis Abada, University of Peace Africa Programme, 2006, pp. 68-74, book online at http://www.africa.upeace.org/documents

Saro-Wiwa, Ken, A Month and a Day: A Detention Diary, London, Penguin, 1995, pp. 237, republished as Saro-Wiwa, Ken, A Month and a Day and Letters, Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2005, with Foreword by Wole Soyinka

Turner, Terisa E and M.O. Oshare, 'Women's uprisings against the Nigerian oil industry in the 1980s', revised version of paper presented to Canadian African Studies Association in May 1992, online at http://www.uoguelph.ca/~terisatu/Counterplanning/c9.htm

Wokoma, Iyenemi Norman, 'Assessing Accomplishments of Women's Nonviolent Direct Action in the Niger Delta', in Natukunda-Togboa, Edith, and Dina Rodriguez Mintero (eds) Gender and Peace Building in Africa, Costa, Rica, University of Peace, 2005, pp 167-185. Whole book online at http://www.africa.upeace.org/documents, chapter here. A shorter account also appears in Iyenemi Wokoma, 'Women and Nonviolent Struggle in Africa', in George-Williams, Desmond (ed), ‘Bite Not One Another’: Selected Accounts of Nonviolent Struggle in Africa (above)

iii. Sweatshops
Armbruster-Sandoval, Ralph, Globalization and Cross-Border Labor Solidarity in the Americas: the Anti-Sweatshop Movement and the Struggle for Social Justice, New York, Routledge, 2005, pp. 224

Brooks, Ethel C, Unraveling the Garment Industry: Transnational Organizing and Women's Work, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, pp. 304
Contrast the necessity of local resistance - eg for the right to unionize - with the transnational emphasis on comsumer boycotts that, she argues, can uninentionally reinforce the global economic forces they denounce

Carty, Victoria, 'The Internet and grassroots politcs: Nike, the athletic apparel industry and the anti-sweatshop campaign', in Tamara: Journal of Critical Postmodern Organization Science, 2001, Vol 1 No 2, pp 34-47, available online from http://www.peaceaware.com/tamara/issues/volume_1/issue_1_2

Carty, Victoria, 'Transnational Mobilizing in Two Mexican Maquiladoras: The Struggle for Democratic Globalization' in Mobilization: an International Quarterly, Oct 2004, Vol 9, No 3, pp 295-310

Seidman, Gay W, Beyond the Boycott: Labor Rights, Human Rights, and Transnational Activism, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 2007, pp 176
Examines the impact of international consumer pressure on multi-nationals operating in South Africa, India and Guatemala, in particular focusing on the issue of monitoring after a corporation has adopted a voluntary code of conduct.

Taylor, Julie, 'Leveraging the Global to Empower Local Struggles: Resistance and Efficacy in Transnational Feminist Networks' in St Antony's International Review, Vol 1 No 2, Nov 2005, pp. 102-117 downloadable from http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/jcr/stair/1_2/1_2_index.html

iv. McDonald’s

v. Nestlé

Fazar, Anwar and Radha Holla, the Boycott Book, draft online at http://www.theboycottbook.com/

Johnson, Douglas A, 'Confronting Corporate Power: Strategies and Phases of the Nestle Boycott', Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, 1986, vol. 8, pp. 323-344.

Summa, John, 'Killing Them Sweetly', The Multinational Monitor, November 1988, Vol. 9, No. 11, online at http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1988/11/mm1188_10.html

d. Resistance by small farmers
e. Zapatistas and other indigenous resistance in Mexico

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H. Bibliographies, Websites and Library Resources


a. Bibliographies
Acostavalle, Melanie, Devashree Gupta, Doug Hillebrandt, and Dana Perl, compilers, Transnational politics: A Bibliographic Guide to Recent Research on Transnational Movements and Advocacy Groups,revised June 2003, is online at http://falcon.arts.cornell.edu/sgt2/contention/transbib_june2003.htm.
It covers a range of research on 'protest events' and patterns of organising, and Section IX looks at the following 'movement sectors' - a) democratization, b) environmental movements, c) ethnicity, indigenous groups and nationalism, d) Europeanization, e) human rights, f) labour, g) migration, h) peace, i) religion and j) women.

Souter, Rona-Jeanne, Black Sash archival collection in South Africa: a guide, Cape Town: Black Sash Trust and the University of Cape Town Libraries, 2006, pp. 202, online at http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/existing/Black_Sash_Archival_Guide_1.pdf - catalogues items about the anti-apartheid women's organisation Black Sash, and groups with which it cooperated, in libraries throughout South Africa


b. Websites
The Open Society Archives, maintained in Hungary, have a range of material on Communism, the Cold War, Human Rights, including transcripts of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty bulletins. http://www.osa.ceu.hu/guide

New Tactics in Human Rights is a website managed by the Center for Victims of Torture. It includes a database of new tactics, tactical notebooks describing particular campaigns, a list of training tools, and monthly online dialogues on issues such as "unarmed accompaniment", "using mobile phones for action", "the power of place: sites of conscience" and "training in nonviolence and action". http://www.newtactics.org

A useful list of peace studies and conflict resolution journals in English can be found at the website of the (US) Peace and Justice Studies Association http://www.peacejusticestudies.org/membership/journals.php

The (multilingual and interactive) Research on Anarchism forum is at http://raforum.info


c. MA and PhD Theses
Bosnjak, Spasa, Fight the Power. the role of the Serbian independent electronic media in the democratization of Serbia, School of Communication, Simon Fraser University, MA thesis, 2005, pp 133, online at http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/retrieve/669/etd1528.pdf

Bernstein, Sarah, Mobilising Maternity: The Impact of Mothers’ Peace Movements, Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies, Coventry University, 2004, MA dissertation, pp. 56, online at http://www.coventry.ac.uk/researchnet/peacestudies/a/1136

Botmeh, Jawad, Civil Resistance in Palestine: the village of Battir in 1948, Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies, Coventry University, 2006, MA dissertation, pp. 58,

Dudouet, Veronique, Peacemaking and Nonviolent Resistance: A study of the complementarity between conflict resolution processes and nonviolent intervention, with special reference to the case of Israel/Palestine, Bradford School of Peace Studies Ph D thesis, 2005, pp. 419

Edmonds, Amy E, The Catholic Church and the Nonviolent Resistance in Chile, Dept of Political Science Baylor University MA dissertation, 2006, pp. 105, online at https://beardocs.baylor.edu/bitstream/2104/4020/1/Amy_Edmonds_masters.pdf

Mastnak, Lynne, The Process of Engagement in Nonviolent Collective Action: Case studies from the 1980s, University of Bath, Ph D dissertation, 1995. Study of psychology of nonviolent action based on interviews with activists from Guatemala and peace movements in West and East Europe by END and Greenham activist better known as Lynne Jones

McLeod, Jason, Morning Star Rising: Maximising the effectiveness of nonviolent struggle in West Papua, School of Social Sciences, La Trobe University, BA dissertation, pp. 122, online at http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/s123/mcleod/ba.pdf

Plows, Alexandra, Praxis and Practice: The 'What, How and Why' of the UK Environmental Direct Action (EDA) Movement in the 1990s, School of Social Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Ph D thesis, 2002, pp. 399 online at tools for change

Soerensen, Majken Jul, Humour as Nonviolent Resistance to Oppression, Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies, Coventry University, MA dissertation, 2006, pp. 60, online at
http://www.coventry.ac.uk/researchnet/peacestudies/a/1136
A shortened version was published as 'Humor as a Serious Strategy of Nonviolent Resistance to Oppression', in Peace & Change, Vol. 33 No. 2, April 2008, pp. 167-190.

Stäuble, Estheranna, Nonviolent Direct Action. Conflict Transformation and the Global Justice Movement: the Aubonne Bridge Case, Bradford School of Peace Studies MA dissertation, 2004, online at www.aubonnebridge.net


d. Library sources and archives
i. Britain
ii. Netherlands
iii. USA
Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA, houses the records of the US group Voices in the Wilderness 1996-2005 (a nonviolent group breaking sanctions on Iraq) and the papers of its co-founder and coordinator, Kathy Kelly, including her involvement in the Gulf Peace Team, actions for nuclear disarmament and against the School of Americas. The Department of Special Collections and University Archives aims to process these by 2009. Contact Phil.Runkel@marquette.edu or Marquette University Department of Special Collections and University Archives, PO Box 3141, Milwaukee, WI 53201-3141, USA

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I. Preparation and Training for Nonviolent Action

The Change Agency, Strategy for Change: Workshop Resources for Campaign Strategy, developed in Australia between 2005 and 2006, pp. 51, 2MB download from http://www.thechangeagency.org/_dbase_upl/tCA_strategising_resources.pdf

Cornell, Tricia, Kate Kelsh and Nicole Palasz New Tactics in Human Rights: A Resource for Practitioners, Minneapolis, The Centre for Victims of Torture, 2004, pp. 190.
A workbook written for the project New Tactics in Human Rights, this groups tactics under prevention, intervention, restorative and building human rights culture and institutions. Available online at http://www.newtactics.org/ToolsforAction/TheNewTacticsWorkbook/Readordownloadfiles This web page also has a series of Tactical Notebooks in several languages documenting experiences in a range of countries.

Duhamel, Philippe, The Dilemma Demonstration: Using nonviolent civil disobedience to put the government between a rock and a hard place, Minneapolis, New Tactics in Human Rights/Centre for Victims of Torture, 2004, pp. 28, online at http://www.newtactics.org/sites/newtactics.org/files/resources/Dilemma_Demonstration_English.pdf

Eguren, Enrique, Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders, Dublin, Front Line: The International Foundation for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, 2005, pp. 128, downloadable from http://www.protectionline.org(also mentioned in Section A.4)
includes exercises for training those about to engage in nonviolent protective accompaniment

Herngren, Per, Paths of Resistance: The Practice of Civil Disobedience, Philadelphia, New Society Publishers, 1993, pp. 214, is now available online at http://ickevald.net/perherngren/english/Path_of_Resistance_Per_Herngren_2004.htm

King, Mary E. (series editor), Nonviolent Transformation of Conflict - Africa, Addis Abada, University of Peace Africa Programme, downloadable from http://www.africa.upeace.org/resources.cfm The series has been produced for African readers and makes a priority of drawing on African experience.

This series so far includes four books:
King, Mary E and Christopher A Miller, Teaching Model: Nonviolent Transformation of Conflict, 2006, pp. 139 offers a 12-topic course, introducing the dynamics of nonviolent struggle and strategic issues but including one topic on African traditions of nonviolent conflict transformation and discussions of episodes such as the Port Elizabeth consumer boycott (South Africa), the 2002 nonviolent movement in Madagascar to enforce election results, and current Movement for Democratic Change in Zimbabwe. Includes notes for lecturers, suggestions for role-plays and other participatory exercises in class, and desired learning outcomes.

Miller, Christopher A, Strategic Nonviolent Struggle: A Training Manual, 2006, pp. 142, aims to complement the more theoretical Teaching Model. It is designed as 'a tool for civil society leaders — in youth movements and programmes, churches, athletics, and other areas — who are interested in creating workshops or training programmes on realistic alternatives to armed struggle.

George-Williams, Desmond (ed), ‘Bite Not One Another’: Selected Accounts of Nonviolent Struggle in Africa, 2006, pp. 123. Covers colonial era nonviolent struggles for independence and contemporary collective active to secure human rights, including women's rights, and social justice.

Miller, Christopher A, Only Young Once: An Introduction to Nonviolent Struggle for Youths, 2006, pp. 88 - 'a practical guide geared alike towards university or secondary school students, young soldiers, young professionals, civil society leaders, and youthful parliamentarians.

Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance, Handbook for Nonviolent Action, Oak Ridge, Oak Ridge Environmental Peace Alliance, 2005, online at http://www.stopthebombs.org/content/documents/nonviolencemanual.pdf

Popovic, Srdja, Andrej Milivojevic and Slobodan Djinovic, Nonviolent Struggle - 50 Crucial Points: A Strategic Approach to Everyday Tactics, Belgrade, Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action and Strategies (CANVAS), 2006, pp. 95. Downloadable from http://www.canvasopedia.org/content/special/index.htm#special
A field guide for waging a strategic nonviolent struggle by Otpor activists

Popovic,Srdja, Slobodan Djinovic, Andrej Milivojevic, Hardy Merriman and Ivan Marovic, CANVAS Core Curriculum: A Guide to Effective Nonviolent Struggle, Belgrade, Centre for Applied Nonviolent Action (CANVAS), 2007, pp. 147, online at http://www.canvasopedia.org/files/various/Core_Curriculum-Students_Book.pdf

Scotland for Peace's website includes a range of training hand-outs and notes for trainers in its page on nonviolent resources: http://scotland4peace.org/current_proj_edu.htm

Sheehan, Joanne, 'Decades of Nonviolence Training: Practicing Nonviolence', The Nonviolent Activist, July-August 1998, online at http://www.warresisters.org/nva0798-4.htm
An account of the role of training in nonviolent movements in the USA

Trapese Collective (eds), Do It Yourself: A Handbook for Changing Our World, London, Pluto, 2007, pp. 320
Born out of experience preparing for the 2005 G( summit in Scotland, this book uses the term 'popular education' to discuss participatory decision-making, media work and preparation for direct action. TRAPESE stands for 'Taking Radical Action through Popular Education and Sustainable Everything!’ - see http://www.trapese.org

van der Zee, Bibi, Rebel, Rebel: the Protestor's Handbook, London, Guardian Books, 2008, pp. 256
Written for a British audience - tips from a range of campaigns.

Vukosavljevic, Nenad, Training in Peacebuilding and Conflict Transformation: Experiences of the 'Centre for Nonviolent Action' in the Western Balkans, Berlin, Berghof Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management, June 2007, pp. 18, downloadable from http://www.berghof-handbook.net/uploads/download/vukosavljevic_handbook.pdf
Reflections by one of the founders of Sarajevo's Centre for Nonviolent Action


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